The electron configurations of these elements were primarily established through experiments. This means that the electron start to fill the 4f sub-shell before the 5d sub-shell. After Lanthanum, the energy of the 4f sub-shell falls below that of the 5d sub-shell. These elements are different from the main group elements in the fact that they have electrons in the f orbital. Similarly, the Lanthanides have similarities in their electron configuration, which explains most of the physical similarities.
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